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The art of war recognizes nine different kinds of places: dispersive, facile, contentious, open, intersecting highways, serious, difficult, hemmed-in, and desperate locations. When a leader is fighting on one’s own territory, this is a dispersive location. When a leader has … Continue reading →

There are six kinds of terrain: Accessible ground Entangling ground Timeless ground Narrow passes Precipitous heights Ground at a distance Ground which can be freely traversed is accessible ground. One must occupy this ground before the enemy, in the sunny … Continue reading →

Pass quickly over mountains, linger in valleys. Stay in high reaches, facing the sun. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark. After crossing rivers, get far away from them. Do not meet a foe mid-stream … Continue reading →

In a difficult country, do not stay. In country at a crossroads, make alliances. Do not stay in isolated places. When trapped, resort to ruses. In a desperate position, you must fight. There are roads which must not be followed, … Continue reading →

Tactical movement, there is nothing more difficult. The difficulty consists of turning the devious into the direct and loss into gain. Do not make alliances unless you know the mind of your neighbors. You cannot take advantage of what is … Continue reading →

Whoever is first to the battle will be fresh for the fight. The clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy to do the same to him. By presenting advantages, the enemy can be … Continue reading →

The control of a large force is the same in principle as that of a few people, it is merely a question of dividing them up. Fighting with a large army is no different from fighting with a small one: … Continue reading →

The warriors of old first made themselves impervious to attack, and then waited for an opportunity to defeat their enemies. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands. The opportunity to defeat the enemy is provided by the … Continue reading →